In Papua New Guinea (PNG) context, the concepts of solitude and loneliness carry very different meanings because of the deeply relational, communal, and wantok-based nature of Melanesian culture. PNG society (with over 800+ languages and 1000+ cultural groups) is built around strong connections — family, clan, tribe, language group, and place. Being truly "alone" in the traditional or village sense is rare and often unnatural. Solitude in PNG Context: Solitude is usually seen as positive, temporary, purposeful, or even necessary at times. Examples of how solitude appears and is understood: A man going alone into the bush to hunt, check sago palms, or clear garden — this is normal and respected. Someone walking to a garden plot or fishing spot by themselves for a few hours. Certain rituals or spiritual moments (e.g., some initiation processes or personal reflection in nature). In many areas, especially in the past, geographical isolation between hamlets or clans was normal — p...
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